诺曼人
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诺曼人（Normans，名称源于“北人”或诺斯人（Norsemen）），是指在中世纪时来自法国北部的一个族群，他们的贵族阶级大部份繁衍自斯堪的那维亚，他们在中世纪是北欧、地中海和近东的重要政治和军事角色，如殖民（和命名）诺曼底、对英格兰的诺曼入侵、在西西里和南意大利建立国家、以及十字军东征。
事实上，到了入侵英格兰时，多数的“诺曼人”是繁衍自东布列塔尼和西法兰德斯的原住民，不过他们的领主仍保留对他们自己的维京人血统的记忆。他们自九世纪后半开始占据了法国北部今称为诺曼底的地方。在911年，法国国王单纯的查理授予了入侵者小小的下塞纳河地区，此处后随时间扩张为诺曼底公国，换取入侵者的领袖罗洛（Rollo of Normandy）向查理宣誓效忠。
诺曼人接受了基督教和加洛罗曼语（Gallo-Romance languages），并建立了与他们斯堪地那维亚祖先和法兰西邻居不同的新文化认同。诺曼文化，如同许多其他移民社会，特别进取和富适应性，一度，这使他们占据了欧洲各处散布广泛的土地。
诺曼人不应与北人混淆，那是指来自北方的维京人，不过在俄国史料，诺曼一词经常用来指涉瓦伦京人（Varangians），在法国史料也是，此词经常用来泛指定居诺曼底前在九世纪掠夺法国的各维京集团。
目录 |
诺曼人和诺曼底
在地理上，诺曼底大约等同古代的鲁昂教区和古称新布列塔尼亚或西法兰德斯的地方，它没有天然的边界且仅是一次级行政区。在历史上，它的人口多是法兰西人，除此外就是自880年代开始到达的维京殖民者，他们分布在两个殖民地，一个小的在上（或东）诺曼底和一个大的在下（或西）诺曼底。
在第十世纪时，众诺斯战斗集团流入高卢河流的破坏洪流逐渐进化成包含妇女和动产的更为永久性的营地，异教文化逐渐被当地人的基督教信仰和加洛罗曼语赶入地下，安顿下来的维京小集团接受了多数法兰西人的语言和文化，在经过一两代后，诺曼人大至与他们的法兰西邻居并无二至。
在诺曼底他们接受了在北法国各处不断普遍的封建制度，并运用，无论是在诺曼底或英格兰，成一种可用的阶级体系。诺曼战士阶级是老法国贵族体系没有的，相对法国贵族很多都可追朔至卡洛林王朝时期，诺曼贵族极少可追朔至十一世纪之前，多数骑士仍然贫穷和渴望土地，至1066年，诺曼底已出口轻骑佣兵超过一世纪，骑士在十字军东征前没什么社会地位，且仅代表此人是一个职业战士和富有到足以拥有战马，许多法国和英国的诺曼人后急切的成为十字军。
诺曼语是形成于说诺斯语的统治阶级采用当地奥依语而发展而成的地区语言，并流传至今。
征服地区
于意大利
- 参见：Norman conquest of southern Italy、Arab-Norman culture及Italo-Norman
Opportunistic bands of Normans successfully established a foothold far to the south of Normandy. Probably the result of returning pilgrims' stories, the Normans entered the Mezzogiorno as warriors in 1017, at the latest. In 999, according to Amatus of Montecassino, pilgrims returning from 耶路撒冷 called in at the port of Salerno, when a Saracen attack occurred. The Normans fought so valiantly that Prince Guaimar IV begged them to stay, but they refused and instead offered to tell others back home of the prince's request. William of Apulia tells that, in 1016, pilgrims to the shrine of the Archangel Michael at Monte Gargano were met by Melus of Bari, a Lombard freedom-fighter, who persuaded them to return with more warriors to help throw off the 拜占庭 rule, which they did.
The two most prominent families to arrive in the Mediterranean were descendants of Tancred of Hauteville and the Drengots, of whom Rainulf Drengot received the county of Aversa, the first Norman toehold in the south, from Duke Sergius IV of Naples in 1030. The Hautevilles achieved princely rank by proclaiming Prince Guaimar IV of Salerno "Duke of Apulia and Calabria". He promptly awarded their elected leader, William Iron Arm, with the title of count with his capital of Melfi. Soon the Drengots had attained unto the principality of Capua, and the Emperor Henry III had legally ennobled the Hauteville leader, Drogo, as dux et magister Italiae comesque Normannorum totius Apuliae et Calabriae in 1047.
From these bases, the Normans eventually captured 西西里 and 马耳他 from the Saracens, under the famous Robert Guiscard, a Hauteville, and his young brother Roger the Great Count. Roger's son, Roger II, was crowned king in 1130 (exactly one century after Rainulf was "crowned" count) by Pope Anacletus II. The 西西里王国 lasted until 1194, when it fell to the Hohenstaufens through marriage.
The Normans left their mark however in the many castles, such as the Iron Arm's fortress at Squillace, and cathedrals, such as Roger II's at Cefalù, which dot the landscape and give a wholly distinct architectural flavour to accompany its unique history. Institutionally, the Normans combined the administrative machinery of the Byzantines, Arabs, and Lombards with their own conceptions of feudal law and order to forge a unique government. Under this state, there was great religious freedom, and alongside the Norman nobles existed a meritocratic bureaucracy of Jews, Muslims, and Christians, both Catholic and Orthodox.
于拜占庭
Soon after the Normans first began to enter Italy, they entered the 拜占庭帝国, and then 阿美尼亚 against the Pechenegs, Bulgars, and especially 塞尔柱土耳其. The Norman mercenaries first encouraged to come to the south by the Lombards to act against the Byzantines soon fought in Byzantine service in Sicily. They were prominent alongside Varangian and Lombard contingents in the Sicilian campaign of George Maniaces of 1038-40. There is debate whether the Normans in Greek service were mostly or at all from Norman Italy, and it now seems likely only a few came from there. It is also unknown how many of the "Franks", as the Byzantines called them, were Normans and not other Frenchmen.
One of the first Norman mercenaries to serve as a Byzantine general was Hervé in the 1050s. By then however, there were already Norman mercenaries serving as far away as Trebizond and 格鲁吉亚. They were based at Malatya and Edessa, under the Byzantine duke of 安条克, Isaac Komnenos. In the 1060s, Robert Crispin led the Normans of Edessa against the Turks. Roussel de Bailleul even tried to carve out an independent state in Asia Minor with support from the local population, but he was stopped by the Byzantine general Alexius Komnenos.
Some Normans joined Turkish forces to aid in the destruction of the Armenians vassal-states of Sassoun and Taron in far eastern Anatolia. Later, many took up service with the Armenian states further south in Cilicia and the Taurus Mountains. A Norman named Oursel led a force of "Franks" into the upper Euphrates valley in northern 叙利亚. From 1073 to 1074, 8,000 of the 20,000 troops of the 阿美尼亚n general Philaretus Brachamius were Normans — formerly of Oursel — led by Raimbaud. They even lent their ethnicity to the name of their castle: Afranji, meaning "Franks." The known trade between Amalfi and Antioch and between 巴里 and Tarsus may be related to the presence of Italo-Normans in those cities while Amalfi and Bari were under Norman rule in Italy.
Several families of Byzantine Greece were of Norman mercenary origin during the period of the Comnenian Restoration, when Byzantine emperors were seeking out western European warriors. The Raoulii were descended from an Italo-Norman named Raoul, the Petraliphae were descended from a Pierre d'Aulps, and that group of 阿尔巴尼亚n clans known as the Maniakates were descended from Normans who served under George Maniaces in the Sicilian expedition of 1038.
于英格兰
- 参见：Norman conquest of England、Anglo-Norman、Norman Yoke及Domesday Book
The Normans were in contact with England from an early date. Not only were their original Viking brethren still ravaging the English coasts, they occupied most of the important ports opposite England across the 海峡. This relationship eventually produced closer ties of blood through the marriage of Emma, sister of Duke Richard II of Normandy, and King Ethelred II of England. Because of this, Ethelred fled to Normandy in 1013, when he was forced from his kingdom by Sweyn Forkbeard. His stay in Normandy (until 1016) influenced him and his sons by Emma, who stayed in Normandy after Canute the Great's conquest of the isle.
When finally Edward the Confessor returned from his father's refuge in 1041, at the invitation of his half-brother Harthacanute, he brought with him a Norman-educated mind. He also brought many Norman counsellors and fighters, some of whom established an English cavalry force. This concept never really took root, but it is a typical example of the attitudes of Edward. He appointed Robert of Jumièges archbishop of Canterbury and made Ralph the Timid earl of Hereford. He invited his brother-in-law Eustace II of Boulogne to his court in 1051, an event which resulted in the greatest of early conflicts between Saxon and Norman and ultimately resulted in the exile of Earl Godwin of Wessex.
In 1066, Duke William II of Normandy conquered 英格兰. The invading Normans and their descendants replaced the 安吉鲁-萨克森 as the ruling class of England. The nobility of England were part of a single French-speaking culture and many had lands on both sides of the channel. Early Norman kings of England were, as Dukes of Normandy, vassals to the King of France. They may not have necessarily considered England to be their most important holding (although it brought the title of King - an important status symbol). King Richard I (the Lionheart) is often thought to epitomise a medieval English King, but he only spoke French and spent more time in Aquitaine or on Crusade than in England.
Eventually, the Normans merged with the natives, combining languages and traditions. In the course of the Hundred Years war, the Norman aristocracy often identified themselves as English. The Anglo-Norman language became distinct from the French language, something that was the subject of some humour by Geoffrey Chaucer. The Anglo-Norman language was eventually absorbed into the English language of their subjects (see Old English language) and influenced it, helping (along with the Norse language of the earlier Anglo-Norse settlers and the Latin used by the church) the development of Middle English which would gain much vocabulary of French origin.
于威尔士
- 参见：Cambro-Norman
Even before the Norman Conquest of England, the Normans had come into contact with Wales. Edward the Confessor had set up the aforementioned Ralph as earl of Hereford and charged him with defending the Marches and warring with the Welsh. In these original ventures, the Normans failed to make any headway into Wales.
Subsequent to the Conquest, however, the Marches came completely under the dominance of William's most trusted Norman barons, including Bernard de Neufmarché, Roger of Montgomery in Shropshire and Hugh Lupus in Cheshire. These Normans began a long period of slow conquest during which almost all of Wales was at some point subject to Norman interference. Norman words, such as baron (barwn), first entered Welsh at that time.
在十字军
- 参见：Principality of Antioch
The legendary religious zeal of the Normans was exercised in religious wars long before the 第一次十字军 carved out a Norman principality in Antioch. They were major foreign participants in the Reconquista in Iberia. In 1018, Roger de Tony travelled to the Iberian Peninsula to carve out a state for himself from Moorish lands, but failed. In 1064, during the War of Barbastro, William of Montreuil led the papal army and took a huge booty.
In 1096, Crusaders passing by the siege of Amalfi were joined by Bohemond of Taranto and his nephew Tancred with an army of Italo-Normans. Bohemond was the de facto leader of the Crusade during its passage through Asia Minor. After the successful Siege of Antioch in 1097, Bohemond began carving out an independent principality around that city. Tancred was instrumental in the conquest of 耶路撒冷 and he worked for the expansion of the 十字军公国 in Transjordan and the region of Galilee.
于苏格兰
- 参见：Scotland in the High Middle Ages及Scoto-Norman
One of the claimants of the English throne opposing William the Conqueror, Edgar Atheling, eventually fled to Scotland. King Malcolm III of Scotland married Edgar's sister Margaret, and came into opposition to William who had already disputed Scotland's southern borders. William invaded Scotland in 1072, riding as far as the Abernethy where he met up with his fleet of ships. Malcolm submitted, paid homage to William, and surrendered his son Duncan as a hostage, beginning a series of arguments as to whether the Scottish Crown owed allegiance to the King of England.
Normans came into Scotland, building castles and founding noble families who would provide some future kings such as Robert the Bruce as well as founding some of the Scottish clans. King David I of Scotland was instrumental in introducing Normans and Norman culture to Scotland, part of the process some scholars call the "Davidian Revolution". Having spent time at the court of Henry I of England (married to David's sister Maud of Scotland), and needing them to wrestle the kingdom from his half-brother Máel Coluim mac Alaxandair, David had to reward many with lands. The process was continued under David's successors, most intensely of all under William the Lion. The Norman-derived feudal system was applied in varying degrees to most of Scotland. Scottish clans of the name Ramsey, Fraser, Hunter, Ogilvie, Lamont, Cameron, Douglas, Wallace, & Gordon to name but a few can all be traced back to Norman ancestry.
于爱尔兰
- 参见：Norman Ireland、于爱尔兰共和国的城堡及Hiberno-Norman
The Normans had a profound effect on Irish culture and history after their invasion at Bannow Bay in 1169. Initially the Normans maintained a distinct culture and ethnicity. Yet, with time, they came to be subsumed into Irish culture to the point that it has been said that they became "more Irish than the Irish themselves." The Normans settled mostly in an area in the east of 爱尔兰, later known as the Pale, and also built many fine castles and settlements, including Trim Castle and Dublin Castle. Both cultures intermixed, borrowing from each other's language, culture and outlook. Norman descendants today can be recognised by their 姓氏. Names such as French, (De) Roche, D'Arcy and Leacy are particularly common in the southeast of Ireland, especially in the southern part of County Wexford where the first Norman settlements were established. Another common Norman-Irish name was Morell (Murrell) derived from the French-Norman name Morel. Morell is also the modern name for the Medieval Irish name of MacMurchada and MacMurrough.
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