Vancouver system


The Vancouver system, also known as the 'author-number' system, is a way of writing references in academic papers. It is popular in the physical sciences, and is one of two referencing systems normally used in Medicine[1], the other being the Harvard system.

Contents

History

The Vancouver system takes its name from a meeting in Vancouver BC, Canada, in 1978 which led to the establishment of the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE). This was further developed by the National Library of Medicine in the US[2] whose version "should be considered as the authoritative style" according to the British Medical Association (BMA)[1].

The 2007 ICMJE edition, at paragraph IV.A.9.b. Reference Style and Format, refers to the detailed style guide at the NLM's Citing medicine. Several versions of the Uniform requirements were published, including the 1991 BMJ publication[3], the 1995 CMAJ publication[4] and the 1997 Annals of Internal Medicine publication.[5] Journals were asked to cite the 1997 JAMA version[6] when reprinting the Uniform requirements. As of 2004, the editors of Haematologia simply "invite[d]" their authors to visit www.icmje.org for the 2003 revision of the Uniform requirements.[7]

Usage

Labelling citations

References are numbered consecutively in order of appearance in the text – they are identified by Arabic numerals in parentheses (1), square brackets [1], superscript1, or a combination[1] such as used in Wikipedia.

Format of citations

Different formats exist for different types of sources, e.g. books, journal articles etc.

Journal articles

Standard journal articles

  • Leurs R, Church MK, Taglialatela M. H1-antihistamines: inverse agonism, anti-inflammatory actions and cardiac effects. Clin Exp Allergy. 2002 Apr;32(4):489-98.

As an option, if a journal carries continuous pagination throughout a volume (as many medical journals do) the month and issue number may be omitted:

  • Thomas MC. Diuretics, ACE inhibitors and NSAIDs - the triple whammy. Med J Aust. 2000;172:184–185.

If there are more than six authors, the first six authors are listed followed by "et al.":

  • Guilbert TW, Morgan WJ, Zeiger RS, Mauger DT, Boehmer SJ, Szefler SJ, et al. Long-term inhaled corticosteroids in preschool children at high risk for asthma. N Engl J Med. 2006 May 11;354(19):1985-97.

Note, however, that the NLM lists all authors for articles.

As an option, a unique identifier from a database may be added to the citation:

  • Von, Itzstein, M; Wu, Wy; Kok, Gb; Pegg, Ms; Dyason, Jc; Jin, B; Van, Phan, T; Smythe, Ml; White, Hf; Oliver, Sw (Jun 1993). "Rational design of potent sialidase-based inhibitors of influenza virus replication". Nature 363 (6428): 418–23. doi:10.1038/363418a0. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 8502295. 

Articles not in English

As per journal articles in English:

  • Forneau E, Bovet D. Recherches sur l'action sympathicolytique d'un nouveau derive du dioxane. Arch Int Pharmacodyn. 1933;46:178-91.

The NLM adds an English translation of the title enclosed in square brackets and a language designator.

Books

Personal author(s)

  • Rang HP, Dale MM, Ritter JM, Moore PK. Pharmacology. 5th ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 2003.

Editor(s) or compiler(s) as authors

  • Beers MH, Porter RS, Jones TV, Kaplan JL, Berkwits M, editors. The Merck manual of diagnosis and therapy. 18th ed. Whitehouse Station (NJ): Merck Research Laboratories; 2006.

Authored chapter in edited publication

  • Glennon RA, Dukat M. Serotonin receptors and drugs affecting serotonergic neurotransmission. In: Williams DA, Lemke TL, editors. Foye's principles of medicinal chemistry. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2002.

Electronic material

Website

  • Drug-interactions.com [homepage on the Internet]. Indianapolis: Indiana University Department of Medicine; 2003 [updated 2006 May 17; cited 2006 May 30]. Available from: http://medicine.iupui.edu/flockhart/

Further Information

Many medical institutions maintain their own style guides, with information on how to cite sources:

References

  1. ^ a b "Reference styles: Harvard and Vancouver". 25 September 2006. http://www.bma.org.uk/library_medline/electronic_resources/factsheets/LIBReferenceStyles.jsp. Retrieved on 2009-04-16. "The NLM has an ICMJE page which gives sample references for 41 different circumstances, and should be considered as the authoritative style: ... www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/uniform_requirements.html" 
  2. ^ "International Committee of Medical Journal Editors Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals: Sample References". http://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/uniform_requirements.html. Retrieved on 2006-12-24. 
  3. ^ "Uniform requirements for manuscripts submitted to biomedical journals. International Committee of Medical Journal Editors". BMJ (Clinical research ed.) 302 (6772): 338–41. Feb 1991. ISSN 0959-8138. PMID 2001512. 
  4. ^ "Uniform requirements for manuscripts submitted to biomedical journals. International Committee of Medical Journal Editors". CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne 152 (9): 1459–73. May 1995. ISSN 0820-3946. PMID 7728695. 
  5. ^ "Uniform requirements for manuscripts submitted to biomedical journals. International Committee of Medical Journal Editors" (Free full text). Annals of internal medicine 126 (1): 36–47. Jan 1997. ISSN 0003-4819. PMID 8992922. http://www.annals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=8992922. 
  6. ^ "Uniform requirements for manuscripts submitted to biomedical journals. International Committee of Medical Journal Editors". JAMA : the journal of the American Medical Association 277 (11): 927–34. Mar 1997. ISSN 0098-7484. PMID 9062335. 
  7. ^ International, Committee, Of, Medical, Journal, Editors, (Icmje) (Mar 2004). "International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE): Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals: writing and editing for biomedical publication" (Free full text). Haematologica 89 (3): 264. ISSN 0390-6078. PMID 15020262. http://www.haematologica.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=15020262. 






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