Oliguria
| ICD-10 | R34. |
|---|---|
| ICD-9 | 788.5 |
| MeSH | D009846 |
Oliguria is the decreased production of urine.[1] The decreased production of urine may be a sign of dehydration, renal failure, hypovolemic shock or urinary obstruction/urinary retention.
It can be contrasted with anuria, which represents a more complete suppression of urination.
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Definition
Oliguria is defined as a urine output that is less than 1 mL/kg/h in infants, less than 0.5 mL/kg/h in children, and less than 400 mL/day (equals 17mL/hour) in adults.[2]
Olig- (or oligo-) is a Greek prefix meaning small or few.[3]
Pathophysiology
The pathophysiologic mechanisms causing oliguria can be categorized globally in three different categories:
- Prerenal: in response to hypoperfusion of the kidney (e.g. as a result of dehydration by poor oral intake, cardiogenic shock, diarrhea, massive bleeding or sepsis)
- Renal: due to kidney damage (severe hypoperfusion, rhabdomyolysis, medication)
- Postrenal: as a consequence of obstruction of the urine flow (e.g. enlarged prostate, tumour compression urinary outflow, expanding hematoma or fluid collection)
Postoperative oliguria
Patients usually have decrease in urine output after a major operation that may be a normal physiological response to:
- fluid/ blood loss – decreased glomerular filtration rate secondary to hypovolemia and/or hypotension
- response of adrenal cortex to stress -increase in aldosterone (Na and water retention) and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) release
Oliguria in infants
Oliguria, when defined as less than 1 mL/kg/h, in infants is not considered to be a reliable sign of renal failure.[4]
References
- ^ oliguria at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
- ^ Klahr S, Miller S (1998). "Acute oliguria". N Engl J Med 338 (10): 671–5. doi:10.1056/NEJM199803053381007. PMID 9486997. Free Full Text.
- ^ http://biology.about.com/od/prefixesandsuffixeso/g/blo3.htm
- ^ Arant B (1987). "Postnatal development of renal function during the first year of life". Pediatr Nephrol 1 (3): 308–13. doi:10.1007/BF00849229. PMID 3153294.
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