Machine-readable passport


Main article: Passport
Page of a passport with Machine Readable Zone in the red oval

A Machine Readable Passport (MRP) is a travel document where the data on the identity page is encoded in optical character recognition format. Many countries began to issue machine readable travel documents in the 1980s.

Most travel passports worldwide are MRPs. They are standardized by the ICAO Document 9303 (endorsed by the International Organization for Standardization and the International Electrotechnical Commission as ISO/IEC 7501-1) and have a special Machine Readable Zone or MRZ, which is usually at the bottom of the identity page at the beginning of a passport. The ICAO Document 9303 describes three types of documents. Usually the passport is a Type 3 travel document. The Machine Readable Zone of a Type 3 travel document spans two lines and each line is 44 characters long. The following information has to be provided in the zone: name, passport number, nationality, date of birth, sex, passport expiration date and personal identity number. There is room for optional, often country dependent, supplementary information.

Between 2003 and 2005 the United States progressively introduced regulations that make machine readable passports mandatory for those entering the U.S. under the Visa Waiver Program.

The advantages of machine readable passports include:

  • Faster processing of arriving passengers by immigration officials
  • More reliable than a human read, compared to the manually read passports that preceded them.

Contents

Format

Passports

The data of the machine readable zone consists of two rows of 44 characters each. The only characters used are A-Z, 0-9 and the filler character <.

The format of the first row is:

positions chars meaning
1 alpha P, indicating a passport
2 alpha type (for countries that distinguish between different types of passports)
3–5 alpha issuing country or organization (ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 code with modifications)
6–44 alpha last name, followed by two filler characters, followed by given names

In the name field, spaces, hyphens and other punctuation are represented by <, except apostrophes, which are skipped. If the names are too long, names are abbreviated to their most significant parts. In that case, the last position must contain an alphabetic character to indicate possible truncation, and if there is a given name, the two fillers and at least one character of it must be included.

The format of the second row is:

positions chars meaning
1–9 alpha+num passport number
10 num check digit over digits 1–9
11–13 alpha nationality (ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 code with modifications)
14–19 num date of birth (YYMMDD)
20 num check digit over digits 14–19
21 alpha sex (M, F or < for male, female or unspecified)
22–27 num expiration date of passport (YYMMDD)
28 num check digit over digits 22–27
29–42 alpha+num personal number (may be used by the issuing country as it desires)
43 num check digit over digits 29–42 (may be < if all characters are <)
44 num check digit over digits 1–10, 14–20, and 22–43

The check digit calculation is as follows: each position is assigned a value; for the digits 0 to 9 this is the value of the digits, for the letters A to Z this is 10 to 35, for the filler < this is 0. The value of each position is then multiplied by its weight; the weight of the first position is 7, of the second it is 3, and of the third it is 1, and after that the weights repeat 7, 3, 1, etcetera. All values are added together and the remainder of the final value divided by 10 is the check digit.

Some values that are different from ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 are used for the issuing country and nationality field:[1]

Official Travel Documents (e.g. identity cards)

The data of the machine readable zone consists of three rows of 30 characters each. The only characters used are A-Z, 0-9 and the filler character <.

The format of the first row is:

positions chars meaning
1 alpha I, A or C
2 alpha type
3–5 alpha issuing country or organization (ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 code with modifications)
6–14 alpha+num document number
15 num check digit
16-30 alpha+num optional

The format of the second row is:

positions chars meaning
1–6 num date of birth (YYMMDD)
7 num check digit
8 alpha sex (M, F or < for male, female or unspecified)
9-14 num expiration date of passport (YYMMDD)
15 num check digit
16-18 alpha nationality
19-29 alpha+num optional
30 num check digit

The format of the third row is:

positions chars meaning
1-30 alpha last name, followed by two filler characters, followed by given names

See also

References

  1. ^ http://www.icao.int/atb/sfbranch/files/MRTDStateCode.pdf

External links

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