Alcohol intoxication
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Drunkenness, or inebriation, is the condition of being intoxicated by consumption of alcoholic beverages to such a degree that mental or physical faculties are altered or impaired.
Severe drunkenness may lead to acute alcohol intoxication. Common symptoms may include slurred speech, impaired balance, poor coordination, flushed face, reddened eyes, reduced inhibition and uncharacteristic behavior. Drunkenness can result in temporary experience of a wide range of emotions, ranging from anger, sadness, and depression to euphoria, lightheartedness, joviality, and sexual disinhibition. Consuming excessive amounts of alcohol may lead to a hangover the next day.
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Law
Laws on drunkenness vary between countries. In the United States, for example, it is a criminal offense for a person to be drunk while driving a motorized vehicle (driving under the influence).
The blood alcohol content (BAC) for legal operation of a vehicle is typically measured as a percent of unit volume of blood. This ranges from a low of 0.00% in Romania and the United Arab Emirates, to 0.05% in Australia and Germany, to 0.08% in the United Kingdom and the United States.[1]
Additionally, the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration prohibits crewmembers from performing their duties with a BAC greater than 0.04%, within 8 hours of consuming an alcoholic beverage or while under the influence of alcohol.[2][3]
Minesites in Australia enforce a 0.0% BAC while on shift, thus regularly conduct alcohol tests across all personnel, colloquially known as "blowing in the bag".
In the UK and US, police can arrest those deemed too intoxicated in a public place for public intoxication, "drunk and disorderly" or even "drunk and incapable". There are often legal restrictions relating to increase sales of alcohol to intoxicated persons.[4]
Religious views
Many religious groups permit the consumption of alcohol but prohibit intoxication. Some prohibit alcohol consumption altogether. In the Qur'an,[5][6][7] there is a prohibition on the consumption of grape-based alcoholic beverages, and intoxication is considered as an abomination in the Qur'an and Hadith. Islamic schools of law (Madh'hab) have interpreted this as a strict prohibition of the consumption of all types of alcohol and declared it to be haraam ("forbidden"), although other uses may be permitted.[8]
Many Protestant Christian denominations prohibit drunkenness due to the Biblical passages condemning it (for instance, Proverbs 23:21,[9] Isaiah 28:1,[10] Habakkuk 2:15[11]) but many allow moderate use of alcohol (see Christianity and alcohol). Proverbs 31:4–7 states a prophecy of King Lemuel,
- It is not for kings, O Lemuel, it is not for kings to drink wine; nor for princes strong drink:
- Lest they drink, and forget the law, and pervert the judgment of any of the afflicted.
- Give strong drink unto him that is ready to perish, and wine unto those that be of heavy hearts.
- Let him drink, and forget his poverty, and remember his misery no more.[12]
On the contrary, in the late seventeenth century, ministers were licensed to control taverns because they were people of “good moral character.”[13] Licensing ministers played an important role in controlling public drinking for the higher class because of their desire to control the public. Ministers were chosen because they were able to calm and control drunken folk.
In Buddhism, intoxication is discouraged in both monastics and lay followers. Lay followers observe the Five Moral Precepts of which the fifth precept forbids consumption of intoxicants substances (except for medical reasons). Monastic precepts are even stricter. In the Bodhisattva Vows of the Brahma Net Sutra, observed by some monastic communities and even some lay followers, distribution of intoxicants is likewise discouraged, in addition to consumption.
Jehovah’s Witnesses discourage drunkenness but do not prohibit alcohol consumption.
Acute alcohol intoxication
Acute alcohol intoxication is synonymous with drunkenness, but context matters. The term acute alcohol intoxication is entrained in healthcare providers for use in the performance of their duties, often in emergencies. Toxicologists also speak of alcohol intoxication to discriminate from other toxins researched in the field.
Treatment for acute alcohol intoxication may include:
- ABCs (Airway, Breathing, Circulation)
- protecting the patient from aspirating gastric contents
- Dextrose
- Thiamin may be administered to prevent the development of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, and is a treatment for chronic alcoholism, but in the acute context is usually co-administered[citation needed]
- Electrolytes
- Dialysis if the concentration is dangerously high (>400 mg%)
- Additional medication may be indicated for nausea, tremor, and anxiety
See also
Notes
- ^ Blood Alcohol Concentration Limits Worldwide
- ^ Sec. 1.1 - General definitions.
- ^ Part 91 General Operating and Flight Rules
- ^ http://www.camden.gov.uk/ccm/content/press/2007/february/booze-license-suspended-after-selling-alcohol-to-drunk-customers.en
- ^ Qur'an: 4:43
- ^ Qur'an: 2:19
- ^ Qur'an: 5:90 and Qur'an: 5:91
- ^ Yilmaz, Ihsan. "Post-Modern Muslim Legality and its Consequences". Muslim Laws, Politics And Society In Modern Nation States: Dynamic Legal Pluralisms In England, Turkey And Pakistan. Ashgate Publishing. pp. p. 158. ISBN 978-0754643890.
- ^ Proverbs 23:21
- ^ Isaiah 28:1
- ^ Habakkuk 2:15
- ^ "Proverbs 31:4–7, King James Version". http://kingjbible.com/proverbs/31.htm.
- ^ The Alcoholic Republic
References
- Sigmund, Paul. St. Thomas Aquinas On Politics and Ethics. W.W. Norton & Company, Inc, 1988, p. 77.
- Rorabaugh, W.J. "The Alcoholic Republic," Chapter 2 & 5, Oxford University Press.
Further reading
- Bales, Robert F. "Attitudes toward Drinking in the Irish Culture". In: Pittman, David J. and Snyder, Charles R. (Eds.) Society, Culture and Drinking Patterns. New York: Wiley, 1962, pp. 157–187.
- Gentry, Kenneth L., Jr., God Gave Wine: What the Bible Says about Alcohol. Lincoln, Calif.: Oakdown, 2001.
- Walton, Stuart. Out of It. A Cultural History of Intoxication. Penguin Books, 2002. ISBN 0-14-027977-6.
- Get Your Sexy Back, a moderate drinking campaign
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