Candida (genus)
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 Candida albicans at 200X magnification.
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C. albicans |
Candida is a genus of yeasts. Many species of this genus are endosymbionts of animal hosts including humans. While usually living as commensals, some Candida species have the potential to cause disease. Clinically, the most significant member of the genus is Candida albicans, which can cause infections (called candidiasis or thrush) in humans and other animals, especially in immunocompromised patients.[1] Many Candida species are members of gut flora in animals, including C. albicans in mammalian hosts, whereas others live as endosymbionts in insect hosts.[2][3]
The last decade has seen the sustained medical importance of opportunistic infections due to different Candida species mainly due to the worldwide increase in the number of immunocompromised patients, who are highly susceptible to opportunistic infections.[4] Meanwhile, the genome sequence of several Candida species has been completed, enabling the detailed investigation of some aspects of their biology with the aid of post-genomic approaches. The basic knowledge gained from these investigations of pathogenic Candida, and related yeasts, can translate into innovations in the development of novel antifungal therapies, original approaches for targeted immuno-interventions, or highly sensitive diagnosis of fungal infections.[4]
Practitioners of alternative medicine claim that Candida overgrowth can cause various health problems, from fatigue to weight gain, but this is rejected by most doctors and there is no evidence to support the theory.[5][6]
Candida antarctica is a source of industrially relevant lipases.
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Laboratory characteristics
Grown in the laboratory, Candida appears as large, round, white or cream (albicans is from Latin meaning 'whitish') colonies on agar plates.[7]
Clinical characteristics
Some Candida species are responsible for superficial infections such as oropharyngeal candidiasis (thrush) and vulvovaginal candidiasis (vaginal Candidiasis). In otherwise healthy individuals, these infections can be cured with antifungal medications. However, persistent and deep-seated yeast infections can be lethal in immunocompromised patients.
Candida are also responsible for a number of life-threatening opportunistic infections in AIDS patients and other immunocompromised persons - including patients treated in intensive care units (ICUs), cancer patients receiving chemotherapy, and organ transplant patients.[4] Another common Candida infection is oral candidiasis caused by acrylic dentures, especially in elderly denture wearers.[8] Colonization of the gastrointestinal tract by C. albicans may result from taking antacids or antihyperacidity drugs. This colonization may interfere with absorption of Coenzyme Q10.[9]
Species
Among Candida species, C. albicans, which is a normal constituent of the human flora, a commensal of the skin and the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts, is responsible for the majority of Candida bloodstream infections (candidemia). Yet, there is an increasing incidence of infections caused by C. glabrata, which could be because it is frequently less susceptible to the currently used azole antifungals. Other medically important Candida species include C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, and C. dubliniensis.[4]
Other Candida species, such as C. oleophila have been used as biological control agents in fruit.[10]
Other
Practitioners of alternative medicine use the term Candida to refer to a complex with broad spectrum of symptoms, the majority of which center around gastrointestinal distress, rashes, sore gums and other miscellaneous symptoms. Candida is accorded responsibility for symptoms as specific as hay fever, as vague as "brain fog" and as common as weight gain or flatulence. These symptoms are attributed by alternative medicine practitioners to the "overgrowth" of intestinal candida albicans, which they claim leads to the spread of the yeast to other parts of the body via the bloodstream.
Use of the term Candida in alternative medicine to describe this complex is unassociated with its use in clinical medicine to refer to the fungus that causes vaginal yeast infections and thrush. This can be confusing for patients. No studies have proved that having intestinal candidiasis causes any symptoms of illness. [6][5]
To treat what they refer to as Candida, alternative medicine practitioners will often recommend avoiding antibiotics, birth control, and foods that are high in sugar or yeast, ostensibly to "eliminate excess yeast" in the body. However, there is no evidence that these "candida cleanse" treatments treat intestinal candidiasis effectively, or cure any of the symptoms claimed by the proponents of the hypothesis.[11] [12] [6][5]
References
- ^ Ryan KJ; Ray CG (editors) (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. ISBN 0838585299.
- ^ Nguyen NH, Suh SO, Blackwell M (2007). "Five novel Candida species in insect-associated yeast clades isolated from Neuroptera and other insects". Mycologia 99 (6): 842–858. doi:10.3852/mycologia.99.6.842.
- ^ Suh SO, Nguyen NH, Blackwell M (2008). "Yeasts isolated from plant-associated beetles and other insects: seven novel Candida species near Candida albicans". FEMS Yeast Res 8 (1): 88–102. PMID 17986254.
- ^ a b c d dEnfert C; Hube B (editors) (2007). Candida: Comparative and Functional Genomics. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 9781904455134.
- ^ a b c Dubious "Yeast Allergies". http://www.quackwatch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/candida.html.
- ^ a b c Mayoclinic.com. http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/candida-cleanse/AN01679.
- ^ "Candida species". DoctorFungus.org. http://www.doctorfungus.org/thefungi/Candida_spp.htm. Retrieved on 2007-02-09.
- ^ Darwazeh A, Lamey P, Samaranayake L, MacFarlane T, Fisher B, Macrury S, MacCuish A (1990). "The relationship between colonisation, secretor status and in-vitro adhesion of Candida albicans to buccal epithelial cells from diabetics". J Med Microbiol 33 (1): 43–9. PMID 2231671.
- ^ Krone C, Elmer G, Ely J, Fudenberg H, Thoreson J (2001). "Does gastrointestinal Candida albicans prevent ubiquinone absorption?". Med Hypotheses 57 (5): 570–2. doi:10.1054/mehy.2001.1410. PMID 11735312.
- ^ "Efficacy of Candida oleophila strain 128 in preventing Penicillium Expansum infection in apricot fruit". Acta Hort. (ISHS) 485: 141–148. 1999. http://www.actahort.org/books/485/485_18.htm.
- ^ Factsmart.org. http://www.factsmart.org/candida/can.htm.
- ^ HealthnVitality.com. http://www.healthnvitality.com/candida-and-candidiasis.htm.
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