Barnett Shale


Barnett Shale
Country: United States
Region: Bend Arch-Fort Worth Basin,Texas
Offshore/onshore: Onshore
Operators: Devon, Chesapeake, GEV Group, EOG, XTO, Range Resources, EnCana, ConocoPhillips, Quicksilver, Chief Oil and Gas, Denbury
Map of USA TX.svg
Field history
Discovery: 1980s
Start of production: 1999
Production
Current production of gas (million cubic feet per day): 2×10^9 cu ft/d (57,000,000 m3/d)
Estimated gas in place (billion cubic feet): 2.1×10^12 cu ft (59 km3) – 30×10^12 cu ft (850 km3)
Producing formations: Barnett Shale


The Barnett Shale is a geological formation located in the Bend Arch-Fort Worth Basin. It consists of sedimentary rocks of Mississippian age (354–323 million years ago) in Texas. The formation underlies the city of Fort Worth and underlies 5,000 square miles (13,000 km2) and at least 17 counties.

Some experts have suggested the Barnett Shale may have the largest producible reserves of any onshore natural gas field in the United States.[1] The field is proven to have 2.5 trillion cubic feet (7.1×1010 m3) of natural gas, and is widely estimated to contain as much as 30 trillion cubic feet (8.5×1011 m3) of natural gas resources.[1] Oil also has been found in lesser quantities, but sufficient (with recent high oil prices) to be commercially viable.

The Barnett Shale is known as a "tight" gas reservoir, indicating that the gas is not easily extracted. The shale is very hard, and it was virtually impossible to produce gas in commercial quantities from this formation until recent improvements were made in hydraulic fracturing technology and horizontal drilling, and there was an upturn in the natural gas price.

Future development of the field will be hampered in part by the fact that major portions of the field are in urban areas, including the rapidly growing Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex.[2] Some local governments are researching means by which they can drill on existing public land (e.g., parks) without disrupting other activities so they may obtain royalties on any minerals found, whereas others are seeking compensation from drilling companies for damage to roads caused by overweight vehicles (many of the roads are rural and not designed for use by heavy equipment). In addition, drilling and exploration have generated significant controversy.

Contents

History

The formation is named after John W. Barnett who settled in San Saba County during the late 19th century where he named a local stream the Barnett Stream. During the early 20th century during a geological mapping exercise geologists noted a thick black organic-rich shale in an outcrop close to the stream. The shale was consequently named the Barnett Shale.

The Barnett shale has acted as a source and sealing cap rock for more conventional oil and gas reservoirs in the area. It was thought that only a few of the thicker sections close to Fort Worth would be able to support economic drilling, until new advances in horizontal drilling were developed in the 1980s. Techniques such as fracturing, or "fraccing", wells, used by Mitchell Energy, opened the possibility of more large scale production.[3] Even with new techniques, significant drilling did not begin until gas prices increased in the late 1990s.

Well completion

Barnett Shale gas drilling rig near Alvarado, Texas (2008)

Two key developments in well design and completions have allowed the development of the Barnett Shale to be economic. These are horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing.

Horizontal drilling

As of 2007, recent advances in the technology of horizontal drilling have opened up the potential of the Barnett Shale as a major source of natural gas. Horizontal drilling has changed the way oil and gas drilling is done by allowing producers to drill horizontally beneath neighborhoods, schools and airports. Much of the gas in the Barnett Shale is beneath the City of Fort Worth. The new technology has attracted a number of gas-production companies.

In addition to extended reach, horizontal drilling may increase production. In "tight" rock (low permeability) like the Barnett Shale, the gas uses fractures to move out of the rock and into the wellbore. The fractures may be natural or induced (see below). A horizontal well exposes more rock (and therefore more fractures) to the wellbore because it is usually designed with the horizontal portion of the well in the productive formation.

In 2005–2007 horizontal drilling in the Barnett Shale extended south into Johnson, Hill, and Bosque counties, with a 100 percent success rate on completed wells. An experimental vertical well is being drilled in McLennan County (near Waco) to assess the potential for drilling along the Ouachita Fold, a geological barrier which defines the southern limit of the Barnett Shale.

Hydraulic fracturing

Hydraulic fracturing carried out in the Barnett Shale is done by pumping water into the well bore at a sufficient pressure to create and propagate a fracture in the surrounding rock formation down hole. This is crucial in low permeability rock as it exposes more of the formation to the well bore and greater volumes of gas can be produced by the increased surface area. Without hydraulic fracturing the wells would not produce at an economically feasible rate.

In some of the wells there is a danger where the fracture will propagate too far and enter into the formation below the Barnett Shale. This formation is water bearing and would result in the well having to be abandoned.

Scientists at the Jackson School of Geosciences at the University of Texas at Austin, who have worked closely with producing companies to develop the Barnett play, also see potential for conflict in some parts of the Barnett where water use for hydraulic fracturing could begin competing with other uses such as drinking and agriculture.[4]

Economic Impact

As of September 2008, gas producers claimed bonuses paid to landowners in the southern counties ranging from $200 to $28,000 per acre ($500–69,000/ha, the latter being paid by Vantage Energy in the fall of 2008) with royalty payments in the 18–25% range. One lease in Johnson County now has 19 wells permitted.

A Fort Worth Star-Telegram article reported over 100,000 new leases were recorded in Tarrant County in 2007. Terms of recent leases have included $15,000 per acre ($37,000/ha) and a 25% royalty for homeowners in Ryan Place, Mistletoe Heights, and Berkley on Fort Worth's south side, and $22,500 per acre and a 25% royalty for a group of homeowners in south Arlington.

Economic projections indicate that by 2015 the Barnett Shale may be responsible for more than 108,000 jobs.[5] Offsets to tax revenues may include cleanup costs for toxic byproducts of gas drilling, such as benzene and naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM).[6][7] Environmental groups and state regulators have come under increasing pressure to begin forcing cleanups, and one group, the San Juan Citizens Alliance, has sued to force the EPA to tighten regulations. Ed Ireland, of the Barnett Shale Energy Council (an industry advocacy group) has said that he believes regulation will increase under the Obama administration.[8]

In addition to the drilling work, an expanded gas pipeline network needed to transport the gas to market is being sought. The completion of a 42-inch (1,100 mm) natural gas transmission pipeline through Hill County might open up new areas for drilling.


Collective Neighborhood Signing Bonuses and Royalties


2008


March 2008 — Homeowners in the Greater Meadowbrook area in eastern Fort Worth are being offered $25,000 per acre ($62,000/ha) and a 26.5% royalty.


June 2008 - A spokesperson representing The Southwest Fort Worth Alliance, a large alliance of thousands of mineral owners hoping to negotiate more beneficial lease terms in the Barnett Shale, is invited by Shreveport's Mayor Glover, to present material to Haynesville Shale mineral owners and citizens regarding aspects of urban natural gas development's effects on average citizens SHREVEPORT SHALE. Following Shreveport's public information forums, reports indicate that brokers representing developers increase the financial terms offered to mineral owners to encourage leasing in the Haynesville Shale.


June 2008 — SEACTX and POSAR community groups in Arlington (South of I-20) reached a collective agreement with XTO energy for $26,517 per acre ($65,520/ha) with 26.5% royalties.

July 2008 - Homeowners in Ridglea Hills, a neighborhood in SW Fort Worth, are being offered $25,000 per acre ($62,000/ha) and a 25% royalty from Chesapeake Exploration, LLC, an affiliate of Chesapeake Energy.


August 2008 - The Texas Railroad Commission rules in favor of developer applications to "force pool" mineral owners, in what is now known as the Finley Decision. Developers sought to use a decades old Mineral Interest Pooling Act (MIPA) rule, initially designed to protect mineral owners from developers, against unleased mineral owners. The decision determined that the involved mineral owners, only 1 of 30 of whom could be located and none of whom protested the application, would receive a standard 20% royalty, as well as an 80% working interest partnership with the developers, depleted by costs until the mineral owner's pro-rata share of expenses was resolved, at which point the mineral owners would receive the full amount of their 80% working interest without deduction in addition to their ongoing 20% royalty. The decision provides the mineral owners greater oversight in surface use and financial record keeping, because no rights were yielded through a lease agreement with the developer. FWST FWST BSB


September 2008 - Mineral owners within The Southwest Fort Worth Alliance SFWA, an alliance of more than 25 neighborhoods and 25,000 property owners, spread across more than 8,000 acres of private property in SW Fort Worth, accepted a group negotiated offer of $27,500.00 per acre for a primary term of 3 years and another $27,500.00 per acre for an additional 2 year optional term, a 23% NO costs royalty and numerous environmental and property rights protections from Vantage Energy. LLC. a Colorado based company started up by Roger Biemans formerly of EnCana Oil and Gas Inc. and Thomas Tyree formerly of Bill Barrett Corporation and Goldman Sachs and Company.


October 2008 - Despite remarks to shareholders regarding continued growth and development in the Barnett Shale, expectations of decades of natural gas development before peaking, and reassurances that all is well in the Barnett, Natural Gas Producers, in unison, rescind offers and back out of agreements with mineral owners throughout the Barnett Shale Play in synchronized acts over a period of weeks, claiming lending market instability and the dropping price of natural gas, as the root of their inabilities to honor their previously made commitments to mineral owners or to continue to negotiate lease terms or financial incentives with mineral owners. FWSTBSB FWSTBSB FWSTBSB FWSTBSB FWSTBSB FWSTBSB FWSTBSB


Update - Dec. 2008 Market perceptions that production in the shale has peaked, and that drilling in the area has become financially and legally encumbered, have led many producers to begin scaling down their presence in the region, moving rigs to more promising fields elsewhere. Many producers have rescinded bonus and royalty offers as interest in the shale has declined. Ed Ireland of the Barnett Shale Education Council commented, "Those upfront payments got so out of hand because of the competitive pressure between the companies to sign leases and the high price of natural gas." As gas prices have declined, offered prices have dropped to $5,000/acre. "Our view is that the Barnett Shale, as an aggregate, probably has one more year of decent growth, and that's 2009," said Mark Papa, chief executive of EOG Resources, a Barnett Shale production company. "By year-end 2009, we believe Johnson County is going to be pretty well drilled up by all operators."[9]


Last Quarter 2008 - Some natural gas developers involved in the Barnett Shale Play explain to shareholders that the price of natural gas has been reduced in part by the significant production of natural gas in the Barnett Shale and detail plans to cut drilling and production to correct market prices. CHK informs shareholders that the company has reduced rigs from 43 to 20 rigs in the Barnett Shale. CHK 2008


December 9 2008 - Barnett Shale, Fort Worth, Citizens attend Fort Worth City Council meeting in mass to voice their strong opinions on recently proposed amendments to the Fort Worth Drilling Ordinance. One speaker at Council was Southwest Fort Worth Alliance Spokesperson, Tolli Thomas, who throughout 2008 began referring to Fort Worth City and surrounding residents as "Barnett Shale Hostages"; she strongly urged implementation of the "strictest Natural Gas Drilling Ordinance allowable by law" and establishment of a permanent Natural Gas Drilling Commission populated by unbiased, voting citizens, residing in every district of the city, to regularly evaluate natural gas company operations and advise the city on industry operations and its effect on neighborhoods and to review and rule on any and all municipal applications filed with the city on behalf of the Natural Gas Industry; SFWA stated, "the decisions related to natural gas drilling, exploration and production practices [were] too significant of a burden to place on [elected city representatives’] shoulders alone" and specifically stated, “There is a great deal of research that is still ongoing that already indicates significant environmental, safety and health concerns associated with some of the practices of this industry. …These companies would like us all to believe them when they say that this is a completely safe process with risks ‘so minute that they are indistinguishable from zero’. The gas companies do not like to discuss accidents and spills. The gas companies are also limited in citing what chemicals are utilized in this process and in making public record of what chemicals are contained in the compounds they put into our ground, possibly in an attempt to conceal dangerous, health-issue-causing chemical use in the name of profit and gain. ...There is something more than economics to consider here. …The citizens, through previous broken promises have earned the right to question what is being put into their environment despite corporate promises of safety. These companies may own the ground on which their drill sites sit, but we all own our air and water; these natural resources are not proprietary and when toxins seep into them, they are difficult or impossible to control or clean again." FWGOV


2009


January 2009 - The Barnett Shale remains the most prolific and profitable natural gas source for operators involved in the Barnett Shale Play CHK ASSETS; CHK refers to Tarrant County as the "donut hole" and "the best Barnett rock in the entire play".CHK 2008 CHK reports to shareholders in February 2009 that Barnett Shale production increased by 50%; stating that the company has an additional approximate 250 Barnett Shale wells not yet completed or awaiting pipeline. CHK 2009


July 2009 - Unleased Barnett Shale mineral owners begin receiving notices from the Texas Railroad Commission of Applications by developers for exception to the "330' Rule" of the Texas Administrative Code, which requires that operators keep a distance of 330' from the property lines of unleased mineral properties. Mineral owners protest with the Texas Railroad Commission, claiming approval of the applications will allow the operators to remove owned minerals from unleased properties, without agreement, protection, or financial compensation, by rule of capture and that approval by the Texas Railroad Commission of these applications would usher in an era of sanctioned property theft in the state of Texas, where mineral rights are given even greater authority over surface rights.


August 2009 - Barnett Shale Natural Gas Operator CHK reports a profit of $243 million (39 cents a share) compared with a loss of $1.59 billion ($3.16 a share) one year earlier. The profit was the companies’ second in the past six quarters. The price of natural gas has sunk from its record high last July as demand has sagged and new technologies have boosted supply by expanding drilling in shale WSJ.


August 2009 - A Litigation Group comprised of three separate law firms, The North Texas Least Litigation Group NTXLL, coordinates and combines efforts to file suit in Dallas county against approximately 20 natural gas developers, operators, and brokerage companies on behalf of the thousands of qualifying Barnett Shale mineral owners in Fort Worth, Arlington, Bedford and Colleyville, who were refused participation in and payment for negotiated and agreed upon and publicly promised mineral lease agreements that were rescinded by developers that had negotiated deals with larger alliances of mineral owners such as The Southwest Fort Worth Alliance (SFWA), The Southeast Arlington Coalition of Texas (SEACTX), and The Bedford-Colleyville Mineral Rights Coalition (BC-MRC) less than one year prior. The suits allege Breach of Contract, Fraud in a Real Estate Transaction, Deceptive Trade Practices, and violations of the Texas Free Enterprise and Antitrust Act of 1983. Developers deny allegations and immediately petition the court for venue change to Tarrant County and relief by Summary Judgment.


December 2009 - In North Central Texas, the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ) is said to have monitored more than 60 different areas throughout Tarrant, Denton, Parker, Johnson and Wise counties, to help gather essential data, which the agency’s toxicology division is now analyzing. The results from tests conducted in November are supposedly going to be released to the public in February. Michael Honeycutt, who works as the toxicology director for TCEQ, says the level of benzene exposure at one site is comparable to “breathing constant gasoline fumes”; samples revealed a level of 1,100 parts per billion of benzene. "The benzene numbers that we're finding are coming from some part of the oil and gas facilities, so we have to figure out what parts, and how to resolve that issue,” Honeycutt said. Mayor Tillman of Dish, TX isn't waiting and has sent a letter to companies in and around the town, asking operations be halted until more is known, receiving little to no response. WFAA


December 2009 - A group of smaller citizen organizations and activists advocating for responsible and safe natural gas drilling in the Barnett Shale collaborate to form the North Central Texas Communities Alliance NCTCA to inform, educate, and motivate Barnett Shale citizens to action, donning the motto provided them by the small, but heavily gas operations besieged city Dish, Texas's Mayor, Calvin Tillman, "Together we bargain, divided we beg."


2010


January 2010 - Concerns grow regarding toxins and pollutants relative to Barnett Shale exploration and possible resulting health effects. Reports of high amounts of Benzene, a known carcinogenic related to gasoline and natural gas exploration, in the air surrounding drill sites, combined with reports of childhood and adult leukemia clusters in the 75022 and 75029 zip codes of Flowermound, Texas PGSNEWS fueled concerns for the health and environmental effects of urban gas drilling. Allison Lowery, Spokesperson of State Health Services explained that the state would be reviewing the latest cancer registry data (1998 to 2007) and comparing it to the rest of the state, as well as doing another investigation in Denton County to determine possible health effect that may be related to natural gas exploration. Research has shown that benzene poisoning can cause anemia, leucopenia, and thrombocytopenia, but more seriously acute rapidly developing leukemia and more slowly developing chronic leukemia (Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML), Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma, Myelodysplastic Disease (MDS), Other forms of cancer). In claims against the West Virginia State Police by a former police auto mechanic, who was diagnosed with chronic myelogenous leukemia, the Supreme Court of Appeals came to the conclusion that there was in fact a link between exposure to benzene and the development of leukemia. BLLB Information regarding the "Truth Behind Benzene Poisoning has been documented previously due to health related exposure cases. Physical symptoms are noted to include: Drowsiness, Fatigue, Rapid heartbeat, Confusion, and Unconsciousness. B&EIn other studies,Benzene appeared to increase the frequencies of aneuploid sperm for chromosomes associated with chromosomal abnormality syndromes in human offspring, even in men whose air benzene exposure was at or below the US PEL EHP.


January 27 2010 - TCEQ releases air quality study findings with inconclusive evidence accompanied by a "DISCLAIMER: This data is for screening purposes only and may include samples that did not meet the established quality control criteria. This data was not collected, analyzed. or reviewed using the documented quality assurance/quality control protocols defined in the Laboratory and Mobil Monitoring Quality Manual or those defined by the National Environmental Laboratory Accreditation Conference 2003." Reports examining the TCEQ release explain, "1 in 5 gas well sites emits too much benzene, regulators say. State regulators found high levels of benzene at more than one out of every five sites in the Barnett Shale natural gas field, according to results released Thursday. TCEQ officials were already conducting air samples by then. But they also said they had known as far back as 2007 that fumes were being released from natural gas sites. Deputy Director John Sadlier said “the air is safe” after releasing the results of a three-day check at wells and other facilities in Fort Worth. The agency said in a news release that it tested 126 sites, but it only conducted actual tests at eight of those sites. "Although the results are complex, it is clear that gas production facilities can, and in some cases do, emit contaminants in amounts that could be deemed unsafe," the agency said in a news release. Benzene levels exceeded the recommended safe levels at 21 of 94 sites, the agency said. One company has already made repairs at a site where the benzene level measured 1,100 parts per billion, hundreds of times above the state and federal standard of 1.4 parts per billion." FWST MIKE LEE "Question: When does air quality testing not clear the air? Answer: These days, almost any time that Texas' lead environmental agency is doing the testing in the Barnett Shale. ... The city of DISH spent 15% of its entire annual budget to pay for an independent air test using federal standards, after residents grew tired of the state's inaction. That's still the situation in Fort Worth, following air quality tests done last month by the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality near natural gas sites here. The test results showed no high levels of pollutants and "no cause for concern," or so TCEQ told city officials at a Jan. 12 city council presentation, prompting Fort Worth Mayor Mike Moncrief to express gratitude that local residents are in "no immediate danger." The test's validity, however, is being challenged on numerous fronts. Critics pointed to a disclaimer about the test methods that some believe renders the results meaningless. Others raised questions about whether the testing might have been paid for with energy-industry money or performed by industry-friendly consultants. The basis in part for those concerns: TCEQ's own reports and statements allegedly made by their officials. After the Wolf Eagle results were released last summer, the state agency arrived in the fall to do its own testing. However, Tillman said he lost interest in the state's tests after an agency official said the gas industry would be providing funding and an industry-related third-party consultant would perform air tests. Tempers among DISH residents were high during a Dec. 14 meeting in their town with TCEQ officials who were explaining their plans for testing and monitoring the air. City officials complained that their calls to TCEQ to report pollutants or to ask for information were returned by employees of gas drilling and pipeline companies rather than by state employees. "In DISH, I formally opposed any testing that had any funding from any industry source," Tillman said. "If it wasn't funded by TCEQ, I didn't want it. The industry ... is not looking for a way to make their operations better, they are looking for a way to cut holes in our data." Also at that meeting, TCEQ's chief engineer for air quality, Susana Hildebrand, and other TCEQ representatives told the crowd that the agency was short on money to perform tests in the Barnett Shale. FW WEEKLY


January 2010 - Safe and responsible drilling advocate group NCTCA publicly demands independent, scientific, standardized, valid air quality tests of all operational Barnett Shale wells producing natural gas and publicly supports Texas State Representative Lon Burnam's call for Moratorium on new natural gas well permits, as well as legislation proposed by Texas Senator Wendy Davis (former Fort Worth City Councilwoman) that calls for policy reform related to Natural Gas Operators. The groups plans to host a February 2010 meeting with guest speaker EPA Administrator, Dr. Al Armandariz, recently appointed EPA Region 6 Director, by President Barak Obama. NCTCA


Operators in the Barnett

Operators, such as EOG Resources, Gulftex Operating, Inc and Devon Energy, stated in public reports in mid-2005 that they estimate that one third to one half of the land in the counties that contain the Barnett Shale, including the most heavily prospected counties like Johnson and Tarrant, will get wells. (It would logically follow that the rest of the land will either get pooled in a unit that will have wells, or get nothing at all if the land is in an especially complex area.) There have been few dry holes drilled, however, because technology like 3D Seismic allows operators to identify potential hazards before they drill and avoid bad areas. Some of the hazards include faults and karst features (sinkholes). Faults may divert hydraulic fracturing, reducing its effectiveness, and karst features may contain abundant water that limits the production of gas.

Geography of Barnett Shale

The Barnett Shale has been classified into "Core" and "Non-Core" areas of production. To date production has concentrated in the Core area where the shale is thicker and the uncertainty is reduced. This allows for the wells to be drilled at slightly lower gas prices than those in Non-core areas.

Core

Non-core

Controversy

Several groups in communities in which gas wells have been located have complained of high risk factors for catastrophic accidents, and some allege that accidents have already occurred, including several resulting in fatalities.[10] In addition, some environmental groups and north Texas residents have expressed concern about the effects of drilling on air and water quality in the areas surrounding the drills and transportation pipelines.[11][12] Texas environmental regulators and the EPA have ordered the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality to begin investigating drilling complaints on-site within 12 hours of reception.[13] Finally, numerous lawsuits against companies operating in the Barnett Shale allege that companies have reneged on promised lease payments, altered agreements after the fact, and/or otherwise failed to meet their promised commitments to lessors of land in the shale.[14][15]

Legacy

The profit potential of the Barnett Shale gas play has spurred companies to search for other sources of shale gas across the United States. Other shale gas prospects in the United States include the Antrim Shale in Michigan, the Fayetteville Shale in Arkansas, the Marcellus Shale in Appalachia [1], the Woodford Shale in Oklahoma, the Ohio Shale in Kentucky and West Virginia and the Haynesville Shale in Louisiana and East Texas.

References

  1. ^ a b Barnett Shale Economic Impact Study, May 2007, p.16.
  2. ^ Won't You Be My Neighbor? (Jackson School of Geosciences, Jan. 2007)
  3. ^ The Father of the Barnett (Jackson School of Geosciences, Jan. 2007)
  4. ^ A Super-sized Thirst (Jackson School of Geosciences, Jan. 2007)
  5. ^ Louise S. Durham, Hot Barnett play creating wealth, AAPG Explorer, Sept. 2007, p.46–47.
  6. ^ Batheja, Aman (2009-12-23). "Concerns spreading about air quality from gas drilling". Fort Worth Star Telegram (McClatchy). http://www.star-telegram.com/798/story/1851531.html. Retrieved 2009-12-26. 
  7. ^ Heinkel-Wolfe, Peggy (2008-01-15). "Gas drilling’s dirty side effect". Denton Record Chronicle (Denton Publishing). http://www.dentonrc.com/sharedcontent/dws/drc/specialprojects/drilling/stories/DRC_NORM1_11-11.1fb48b711.html. Retrieved 2009-12-27. 
  8. ^ Lee, Mike; San Juan Citizens Alliance (2009-01-27). "EPA sued over lack of oil and gas regulations". Fort Worth Star Telegram (McClatchy). http://startelegram.typepad.com/barnett_shale/2009/01/epa-sued-over-lack-of-oil-and-gas-regulations.html. Retrieved 2009-12-27. 
  9. ^ Souder, Elizabeth; Marice Richter (2008-10-26). "As the Barnett Shale's Production Peaks, Economic Factors Weigh Heavily on Its Future". Dallas Morning News (Dallas Morning News Inc.). http://www.istockanalyst.com/article/viewiStockNews/articleid/2738584. Retrieved 2009-12-27. 
  10. ^ Gorman, Peter (2007-03-28). "Perilous Profits". Fort Worth Weekly (Fort Worth Weekly). http://archive.fwweekly.com/content.asp?article=4719. Retrieved 2009-12-26. 
  11. ^ Hawes, Chris (2007-03-28). "Barnett Shale air study reveals alarming results". WFAA Channel 8 (WFAA-TV). http://www.wfaa.com/news/health/More-Known-about-Barnett-Shale-Air-Quality-Study-73645207.html. Retrieved 2009-12-26. 
  12. ^ Vosler, Adam. "DEP has no answers for Hedgehog Lane residents ……. who still can’t drink their water". un-naturalgas.org. http://un-naturalgas.org/weblog/2009/09/dep-has-no-answers-for-hedgehog-lane/. Retrieved 2009-12-26. 
  13. ^ "Immediate response ordered in Barnett Shale cases". Associated Press. 2009-12-23. http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9CP3UN00.htm. Retrieved 2009-12-26. 
  14. ^ Smith, Jack Z. (2009-09-15). "Venue fight underway as Burleson residents sue Chesapeake Energy". Fort Worth Star Telegram (The McClatchy Company). http://startelegram.typepad.com/barnett_shale/royalty_payments/. Retrieved 2009-12-26. 
  15. ^ "Class-action status sought for Glencrest lawsuit". Fort Worth Star Telegram (The McClatchy Company). 2009-11-01. http://startelegram.typepad.com/barnett_shale/2007/11/class-action-st.html. Retrieved 2009-12-26. 


See also

External links

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